America and the challenges of religious diversity Essay

Religion and Theory Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The world today is dynamic such that there is need to recognize the diversity of the people that live in it. People across the world are different in terms of culture, religion and race. However, there are few people that have consistently failed to accommodate diverse beliefs and opinions. One of the diversity factor that has come under sharp focus is religion. All over the world, there are people with special religious sensitivities and thus the need to accommodate diverse opinions when it comes to religion. Such people should be allowed to promote and practice their religious beliefs and practices with little or no interference. However, this freedom should be limited to the fact that the said religious beliefs and practices do not infringe on the rights of other people in the society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The practice of religious persecutions started man7y years ago when certain religious beliefs and practices were discouraged. The consequences of practicing the discouraged religious practices included harassment and illegal persecution. Today, it is very difficult to identify individuals with special sensitivities and sensibilities from the street. However, there are certain factors that are common with certain religious following. Different religious groups have different code of dressing. This might make it easier to identify an individual with religious sensitivity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to Wuthnow, (2011), religious groups such as the Islamic faith require that women dress modestly. Inn more conservative Muslims, women are required to wear veils covering most of their body. This is to reinforce their religious beliefs regarding chastity and behaviour. Muslim men also wear long flowing gowns which also would make them easy to identify. Almost every ethno-religious subcultures ranging from mainstream religious following such as the Hindu to smaller ethno-religious subcultures such as the Amish have a specific dress code. However, the dressing code is not the only way that one can identify people with religious sensitivities. The important thing for every individual in the society is to learn and respect the divergent opinion of the general populous when it comes to religion. References Wuthnow, R. (2011). America and the challenges of religious diversity. Princeton University Press. Source document

The Broad Scopes of Human Resources Literature Review

Staff Recruitment The author emphasizes the importance of recruiting experienced staff errors non experienced staff because less training requirements and funding will not apply to get the new staff aligned with company standards. The ability for well-developed recruiters to staff organizations with experienced staff will assist training resources in applying skills to newly hired professionals to transition at a quicker rate than less experienced professional.Recruitment is vital to the success or failure Of an organization because Of the major influence placed on selection process, identifying eligible candidates, and gaining a competitive advantage. Knowledgeable human resources staff has the responsibility for the acquirement process and should always be aware of crucial qualifications and specifications to determine staffing necessities. Recruitment of human resources also takes into account the analysis of the vacancies and projection of labor, because the basic result of these activities, description and the specifications for the job are essential in the recruitment process of the personnel†(Buses, 2009, p 108). Buses identifies the various positive sources of recruitment social media, newspapers, agencies, and references including internal and external used by human resources staff so the reader is not just soused on traditional methods of recruiting.Negative so races of recruitment such as stress testing, high pressure interviews, and case studies are identified as well as provide the equal balance of pros and cons of recruiting. There are numerous competencies linked to knowledge, skills, and abilities that human resources professionals must identify if candidates possess them to determine success in job performance. Four major competencies identified during the recruitment process are prior professional experience, long term success capabilities, behavioral events attached to leadership or management kills, and transitional knowledge.Human Res ources Sustainability Private and public restructuring during downsizing have happened to many organizations in earlier years and most recent times during economical downfalls. There is a great importance in human resource professionals to know how to respond during these times and having the knowledge of which staff to retain during downsizing. The article by Caudate, Jacks, & Savoir discuss the use of statistical analysis in collaboration with productivity to set the standards for productivity levels during restructuring.The study was inducted every month over a 30 month period to determine adequate parameters for estimating the restructure of the organization. â€Å"Our main objective is the organizational level of company sustainability and the fitting of corporate human resources to the real environment needs and capacities† (Caudate, Jacks, & Savoir, 201 2, p 308). The usage of the quantitative study displayed the adage Tate needs for staffing to decrease the need to ov er or under staff in private or public sector.An effective and efficient quantitative method of determining staffing needs was conducted by considering salary and monthly working hours. Previous data was gathered from job descriptions, organizational charts, salary reports, contingency planning, and performance reports to obtain information on restructuring. If employees are selected for downsizing the method used to determine their tenure with the organization is based on lowest proficiency in performance standards.Similar to the literature by Base, the authors for this article identified strengths, weaknesses, and limitations to the study that involved the same participants completing the study being the same individuals with the possibility of being selected as part of the restructure. Job Stresses, Job Performance, and Job Dedication As part of the human resources world there are three aspects that can either help or hurt the employee and have a downward spiral effect to the org anization when conscientiousness is considered.Job stresses are indicators that an employee may have emotional or physical symptoms that are linked to transactional theory. â€Å"According to the transactional theory of stress, people appraise important event they encounter in their daily life. At the primary appraisal, people categorically appraise an event as good or bad† (Lie, Lie, Mills, & Fan, 2013, p 338). Job performances are key roles identified by human resource professional that determine necessary skills for the employee to successfully complete their daily job functions. â€Å"Lupine et al. ‘s (2005) meta-analysis found that challenge factors (e. G. Role demands, time pressure, workload) were positively related to job performance whereas hindrance factors (e. G. ,constraints, hassles, interpersonal conflict) were negatively related to job performance† (Ill, Lie, Mills, & Fan, 201 338). According to Edwards, 2008 the P-Fit theory also suggests that con scientiousness moderates challenge stresses-?job performance relations. Job dedication is the personality that an employee displays to show that they have the tendency to go above and beyond to perform, working hard, staying goal oriented and focused on meeting or exceeding the mission or vision of the organization.The stresses within job dedication are centered on the ability to keep up with other goals or priorities that have been set amongst defeating the battle becoming overworked and a victim to job stresses. The collaboration of all job stresses, job performance, and job dedication in the workforce is used as conscientious for predicting job successors. Because conscientiousness is stably related to job performance, high- conscientious employees are preferred by organizations.However, this group would suffer a great deal when they experience hindrance stresses, such as organizational policies or constraints† (Lie, Lie, Mills, & Fan, 2013, p 338). Conclusion Reviewing all three of the articles provided a diverse level of information about human resources from the level of recruitment, sustainability, performance indicators, and conscientious in relation to workability skills. There were suggestions that implied in each of the authors literature that revises methods were used to obtain information, but with the notion that innovation could improve the study further.

Translatiom

A TRANSLATION ANALYSIS OF NOUN IN IPS – GEOGRAFI BILINGUAL PUBLISHED BY YRAMA WIDYA (2008) RESEARCH PROPOSAL Submitted as a Partial Falfillment of the Requirement for Getting Bachelor Degree of Education In English Department Proposed by: ADE FEBRIANINGRRUM A 320100217 SCHOOL OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA 2013 APPROVAL A TRANSLATION ANALYSIS OF NOUN IN IPS – GEOGRAFI BILINGUAL PUBLISHED BY YRAMA WIDYA (2008) RESEARCH PROPOSAL Proposed by: ADE FEBRIANINGRRUM A 320100217 Approved by First ConsultantSecond Consultant Dra. Dwi Haryanti, M. Hum†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. TABLE OF CONTENTCOVER†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. APROVAL†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. TABLE OF CONTENT†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. A. Background of the Study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ B. Previous Study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ C. Problem Statement†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦D. Objective o f the Study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. E. Limitation of the Study †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. CHAPTER II: UNDERLYING THEORY†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ A. Translation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ B. –†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ C. –†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHOD†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ A. Type of Study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ B.Object of the Study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. C. Data and Data Source†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ D. Method of Data Collection†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. E. Technique of Data Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. A TRANSLATION ANALYSIS OF NOUN IN IPS – GEOGRAFI BILINGUAL PUBLISHED BY YRAMA WIDYA (2008) A. Background of the study In this world, there are so many languages. Every country speaks with their own languages. That’s why each country has its own translator. The translator’s jpb is to translate one language to another language.In translation involves at least two languages, that are the source and target language. What is generally understood as translation involves the rendering of sourcce language (SL) text into target language (TL) so as to ensure that (1) the surface meaning of the two will be approximately. similiar and (2) the structures of the SL will be preserved as closely as possible but not so closely that the TL structures will be seriuously distorted. (Susan Bassnett- Mc Guire, 1991:13). To do transaltion, a transaltor has to master the relevant language, both the source language and the target language.It is done to make a good translation, which is able to transfer the massage from source language (SL) into traget language (TL). In other hand, transalation plays an important role to solve the problem of inerlingua communication. The writer is intere sted in classifying the variety meaning of English noun which are translated into indonesian and also in describing the equivalen on the indonesia translation of noun. The writer likes in observing text book IPS – Geografi Bilingual, because it is the text book which is support the teaching learning process in bilingual school for senior high school grades XI published by Yrama Widya 2008.To norrow the study, the writer analyzes noun found in IPS – Geografi Bilingual textbook. Based on this textbook the writer finds translation level shift of noun and adaptation such as : SL : The Development of science and technology affects human life in general. But the development is diffirent among countries, depending on the ability of humans in controlling and developing them TL : Perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi membawa dampak terhadap kehidupan manusia pada umumnya. Namun perkembangan tersebut berbeda-beda, tergantung pada kemampuan manusia dalam menguasai dan menge mbangkannyaIn the example above, the word science is a noun. Science in the TL is translated into Ilmu Pengeteahuan . In this case, there is a translation shift of the massage from SL into TL, because science is noun and Ilmu Pengetahuan is Noun Phrase . Level Shift is the SL item at once linguistic level had a translation equivalen at diffirent level, so It is classified into level shift. The word technology is a noun. Technology in the TL is translated into teknologi. In this case, there is a translation adaptation from SL into TL, because tehnology is a noun and teknologi is a noun adaptation.Adaptation It is classified into noun adapatation. Based on those phenomena, the writer wants to conduct a research entittled A Translation Analysis of Noun in IPS – Geografi Bilingual Published by Yrama Widya 2008. B. Previous Study This study is not the only one study that is done by the writer. There are some references that become inspiration to this study. These are previous stud y that deal with the translation analysis. In the case, the writer discusses the previous research about translation that has been done by some researchers.Mariana Prihatmini (2009) graduated student from Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta with her research entitled A Translation Analysis of Noun Suffixes In Sandra Brown’s a Treasure Worth Seeking Into Permata Hati by Diniarty Pandia . The result of the research show that: 1) There are eleven types of noun suffixes, namely: suffix –age, -al, -ance (-ence), -ment, -tion ( -sion), -er ( -or) , -ing, -ity, -ness, -th, and –ism; 2) from 107 data. All the data or 100% belong to equivalent translation.It means that the translation of noun suffixes in â€Å"A Translation Analysis of Noun Suffixes In Sandra Brown’s a Treasure Worth Seeking Into Permata Hati by Diniarty Pandia† is very good, because all the translation are translated into equivalent translation. The reserach above is different from the wr iter, because the data and data source are different. The writer takes Noun while Mariana Prihatmini takes Noun Suffixes as the data. The writer’s data source is IPS – Geografi Bilingual while Mariana Prihatmini’s data source is Sandra Brown’s a Treasure Worth Seeking Into Permata Hati by Diniarty Pandia.The similiarity is focused on the translation analysis. Other reserach is the research conducted by Yusuf Nuryanto (2009) graduated student from Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta with her research entitled A Translation Analysis of Phrasal Verb In The King Of Torts by John Grisham and Its Translation. The result of the data analysis show that (1) there are 3 kinds of catagory shift, those are 5 data or 2,23% of phrasal verb into adjective, 1 datum or 0,45% data of phrasal verb into noun, and there are 2 or 0,89% of phrasal verb that is not translated, from 224 data of phrasal hrase. (1) In the level shif of translation there are 160 data or 71,43% data of phrasal verb into verb, 54 or 24,11% of phrasal verb into verb phrase. 1 datum or 0,45% of phrasal verb into adverbial pharse, and 1 datum or 0,45% of phrasal verb into clause, from 224 data, (3) from 224 data, there are 216 data or 96,43% belong to equivalent translation and 8 data or 3,57% belong to non equivalent. The reserach above is different from the writer, because the data and data source are different. The writer takes Noun while Yusuf Nuryanto takes Phrasal Verb as the data.The writer’s data source is IPS – Geografi Bilingual while Yusuf Nuryanto’s data source is The King Of Torts by John Grisham and Its Translation.. The similiarity is focused on the translation analysis. So, The writer would like to focus of A Translation Analysis of Noun in IPS – Geografi Bilingual Published by Yrama Widya (2008). C. Limitation of the Study In conducting the research, the writter limits the problems that are going to be discussed. This research only deal s with noun used in IPS-Geografi Billingual Published by Yrama Widya 2008.The writer describes the varieties meaning of English noun which are translated into indonesian and the equivalence in the Indonesian translation of noun. This limitation is done for making easier in understanding about the study. D. Problem Statement Based on the research background, the problems proposed in this research are as follows: 1. What are the varieties meaning of English noun which are translated into Indonesian used in IPS-Geografi Bilingual published by Yrama Widya 2008 ? 2. How are the equivalence in the Indonesian translation sentences including noun in IPS-Geografi Bilingual published by Yrama Widya 2008?E. Objective of the Study Based on the research problems mentioned above, the writer has the following objectives as follows: 1. To classify the varieties meaning of English noun which are translated into indonesian used in IPS-Geografi Bilingual published by Yrama Widya 2008. 2. To describe t he equivalence in the Indonesian translation sentences including noun in IPS-Geografi Bilingual published by Yrama Widya 2008. F. BENEFIT OF THE STUDY This study will have two benefit, they are theoretical and practical benefit. 1. Theoretical benefit The result of the research will erlarge the scope of knowledge about english noun.So, the other researchers may use it as one of literature reviews in their linguistics study. 2. Practical benefit a. The result of the research may give more contributions on the enlargement of English noun to the readers that many use it in many ways. b. The result of this research may give more information to the readers about the variety meaning of English noun and the use them in the appropriate way. CHAPTER II UNDERLYING THEORY A. Translation 1. Notion of Translation Here the text in the first languageis the source text and the equivalen text that communicates the same massage is the â€Å"target text† or â€Å"translated text†.Initial ly translation has been a manual activity. Today, together with manual activity. Today, together with manual translation, there is also automatic translation of natural language text, which is referred to as machine translation or computer-assisted translation which is used computers as an aid to translation. Translatiom is one way to bring the world closer. Based on definition above it can be summarised that of translation is a process of transferring massage from source language into target language and the result of transferring should be equivalent both of meaning and style of languageCHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD In this chapter, the reseracher presents the method employed in the research. In relation with the study, researcher chooses descriptive method to analyze the data. It is divided into four main points: type of the reserach, object of the study data and data source, technique for collecting data and technique for analyzing data. A. Type of the Reserarch The type of resear ch belongs to qualitative research. Qualitative research means â€Å"any kind of reserach that procedure finding not arrived at by means of statistician procedures or other means of quantification.Moleong (1991:5) states that qualitative research is type of reserach with result descriptive data in the form of written or oral world from observed object. B. Data and Data Source The object of the reserach is the kinds of variety meaning of English noun found in textbook IPS Geografi Billingual Published by Yrama Widya 2008. C. Data and Data Source In this reserach, the data are all word noun taken from IPS Geografi Billingual Published by Yrama Widya 2008. . The source of data is from IPS Geografi Billingual Published by Yrama Widya 2008. D. Technique for Collecting Data The methods of collecting data are observation and documentation.The ways are as follows: 1. Reading textbook IPS Geografi Billingual Published by Yrama Widya 2008 and underlines english noun. 2. Recognizing the trans lation variation in the Indonesian version and underlines them. 3. Writing the data down into paper. 4. Recognizing the Engllish noun are translated into Indonesian noun. 5. Coding the data. For example: 001/IPSGB/SL1/TL1, which means: * : Datum Number IPSGB: IPS Geografi Billingual SL1: Source Language page 1 TL1: Target Language page 1 E. Technique for Analyzing Data To analyze the collected data, the reserachers takes the following steps:

Write a paragraph for each questions using your own word Essay - 5

Write a paragraph for each questions using your own word - Essay Example This implies that the existence of nature is proof enough of the existence of God. And since every human on this planet is exposed to nature it can only be the mind’s irrationality that can deny such an existence. The answer to why God does not protect us from evil lies in the concept of the purpose of this universe’s creation. Surely, evil exists. But this universe and this life as we know it is a test. If God were to use us as puppets making us do whatever He wants us to do, there would have been no reason behind the universe’s creation, again referring to the teleological argument; even human artifacts have a purpose (Palley 325). And there is no point of testing your own puppet. And we should protect our children from evil because we are not ‘perfect’. A ‘perfect’ being will do the job completely leaving no room for any evil to enter. But, we in all our imperfection can only try. We can’t turn our children into puppets even if we intend to. Not everything is black and white. And so in this question too we see shades of grey. Their views can be considered atheistic because of the insignificance with which they consider this phenomenon. But, it is the way of expression that they are talking about and not the existence of God. So it can be concluded that these thinkers are merely atheistic in their concept of expression. Palley, William. Natural Theology; or, Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity. 12th. Philadelphia: Philadelphia : Printed for John Morgan, No. 51, South Second-Street by H. Maxwell, no. 25, North Second-Street,

Strategic Plan Part I Organizational Structure Essay

Strategic Plan Part I Organizational Structure - Essay Example orate strategy for as long as 20 years into the horizon like what Panasonic did when its founder Konosuke Matsushita was still alive; other firms normally plan a decade ahead. This paper deals with Kaiser Permanente which is the largest health care organization in the United States today. It has 8.6 million health plan members and employs a total of 14,600 doctors and 167,000 employees. This impressive business organization was the response to the Great Depression by industrialist Henry Kaiser and Dr. Sidney R. Garfield. It was founded in 1938 because the United States is the only industrialized nation in the Western world not to have a national health plan or the so-called socialized medicine. The Kaiser Permanente operates on four core principles which are group medical practice, prepaid medical services, the focus of medical services is on prevention and the rendition of the whole set of medical services under one roof. These principles are the forerunners of what we today know as health-maintenance organizations (HMOs) by which a group of health-care providers are contracted to deliver specified pre-paid medical services to a defined group of enrollees or what is known today as health plan members (Boyer, 2001, p. 1). Today, there are close to 700 health maintenance organizations nationwide. Most of them are for-profit organizations although many of them originally started as charitable or tax free organizations designed to provide medical care access on a broad democratic basis to all people who needed them. Because of lack in the US of any socialized or subsidized national health plan, the HMO gained widespread acceptance as logical alternative to fee-for-services arrangements that existed before but which some poor people can no longer afford due to high or escalating costs. The idea of HMO gained further traction because of its emphasis on health maintenance (preventive care) and managed care that seeks to minimize health costs. The two end results of

Dietary analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Dietary analysis - Essay Example To be able to analyze the nutritional needs and status, a three-day tabulation diet was undertaken. The food records for three days are presented in the end on the report (Appendix 1). In addition, the pertinent analysis of the different types of foods that had been eaten is also included along with the different nutritional compositions and information (Appendix 2-4). A presentation of the personal information related to health and nutrition is important to be able to compare the diet on the standards that were set which is referred to as the Recommended Dietary Intake. In the analysis of the macronutrients and water content of the food intake for the 3 days that had been studied, there are different observations that can be perceived. For protein, the average of the three values is higher than the RDI. Even the individual protein content values for each day are comparatively higher than the RDI for both males and females. This can be considered still at the optimum level since no upper level of intake had been presented. This is important since it is the major building block of the body (Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing National Health and Medical Research Council, 2005). In terms of the fats and fatty acids, upon estimation it can be determined that the daily intakes for the 3 days are above the RDI. For that matter, susceptibility to diseases related to fat accumulation can be one of the risks. No set values were given for carbohydrates because it is needed by the body for vital functions. The carbohydrate component of the diet then is useful for the body. The average and individual dietary fibre values are insufficient compared to the RDI. The water and water content in foods are also insufficient on the basis of the values presented by the RDI. Based on the said group then, there is a need to increase the dietary fibre and water intake to be able to achieve the sufficient RDI

Question 'Identify the main varieties and applications of the Essay

Question 'Identify the main varieties and applications of the 'standard model' of human behaviour in economics (as identi - Essay Example The main goal of these economic theories is to describe and give explanation to relations between economic phenomena. In order to achieve this, the theories are based on a number of assumptions (Baddeley, 2013:56). This explains why the concept of behavioural economics is important as it gives more explanatory power to the economic theory by giving it realistic psychological basis (Wilkinson and Klaes, 2012:1). This goes ahead to prove that behavioural economics seeks to augment the standard model of analysis, not to replace it. The standard model discussed in this paper is used to critique and understand behavioural economics. Outline of the standard model of individual economic behaviour The standard model in economic behaviour is also commonly referred to as the neo- classical model. It is a well established model in the subject of consumer choice and consumer welfare. The standard framework in behavioural economics is basically a decision making model that is normative and descri ptive in nature. Additionally, it associates the concept of self interest with maximising utility. This is owing to the fact that the model accurately defines how people behave and gives advice on how they should behave to attain specific goals and objectives. Assumptions Economic Rationality This assumption is based on the fact that acts rational so as to maximise utility. Economic actors face complex situations and a rational decision model describes how most people would act in such situations (Kahneman, 2011:86). The simple model of economic rationality is only applicable to uncertain decisions hence the outcomes are unambiguously related to the actions (Wilkinson and Klaes, 2012:5). This is the most important assumption in the model in fact, the model is referred to as the economic model of rationality. Rationality is a broad term that refers to the everyday reasoning. This interpretation is too complex in the economics context. To explain this assumption further, consumers der ive satisfaction or benefits from a particular activity. This is what is commonly referred to as utility in the field of economics. The standard model explains the benefits associated with consuming a good based on monetary value and other benefits including satisfaction. People have known Preferences This explains why the concept of consumer preferences was introduced the simple model of economic rationality is only applicable to uncertain decisions hence the outcomes are unambiguously related to the actions (Wilkinson and Klaes, 2012:6). In this context, individuals are assumed to weigh between different preferences and choose one that gives the preferred outcome (Thaler and Sunstein, 2008:379). There are two assumptions concerning the nature of consumer preferences. First, there is completeness that states that consumers consider an ordering across all the alternatives. Secondly, individuals are assumed to make rational choices. People Make Decisions Based on Full Information The standard model assumes that individuals are able to perfectly evaluate their own

Business Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words - 2

Business Strategy - Essay Example The distribution networks handle yogurt as one of the most interesting products in fresh food division. The consumers have also their own preferences where market and product development are also hinged on. An adult consumer is particularly interested in the health/nutrition component of the product thus she chooses yogurt with added probiotics, or natural yogurt. She consumes the product as a breakfast or a main meal of the day. While the young consumers eat yogurt mainly as a snack for self-indulgence though they still consider health and nutritional value. For the children consumers, they have mothers who choose the product, are considers self-gratification and at the same time the nutritional aspect. The dominant competitors in this sector which have a national scope are the incumbent players such as Sitia Yomo, Danone, and Parmalat; and the new entrant Muller. Other firms operating in the dairy industry (Nestle, Granarolo, Lactis, A.L.A., Milkon, Latteria Sociale Vipiteno) had also their share in the yogurt industry, including the importers (Ehrmann, Stuffer) which caters a multi-regional market. There were emerging challenges among competitors because of the entry of new players in the industry. This has reduced the amount of display space allocation to market leaders and brands. Also, the overcrowding of the sector has increased the discretional power of distribution. The growth in commercial brands and price brackets (from average to medium price) has reduced the linear shelf space available and thus has increased the referencing costs of the major companies. The emergence of modern distribution channels has also raised the level of competition among players with regard to the economic crisis and the development of distribution formulas, e.g., hard discount stores. This has caused major distributors to take actions aiming to improve price perception of the end consumers. They inserted commercial brands in the market and introduced premium prices. Development of new products was done by traditionally marketing oriented companies. On the part of product developers, there are also challenges that can be considered to better compete in the industry. These concerns the choices and evolving values of the end-consumers: the emerging culture of valuing low calorie and health aspects of foods; the fact that proper meals are becoming less popular; because of fast-paced life, there was less time spent for breakfast. 1.2 Changes and reasons Thus, the intense competition among major players in the industry, the not-so-fast paced growth rate, and highly price sensitive consumers have contributed in the structure change. On the part of Yomo, Danone, and Parmalat, they have opted to maintain substantial investments in advertising of their products as well as improving their trade investments. While Yomo has continued to give a high retail price positioning, Danone, Parmalat and Muller has opted to become aggressive in determining and enforcing their pricing policies. The creation of new refrigerated sections and reduction of linear shelf space given to other fresh products such as pre-packed salami, butter or margarine has expanded the display shelf space allotted

Role of Registered Nurse in Hospice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Role of Registered Nurse in Hospice - Essay Example Their goal is to reduce suffering, control symptoms and restore functional capacity of patients suffering from incurable, progressive illnesses. A RN in a hospice setting has to fill several roles from medication and supervision to emotional support. They also have to be extremely sensitive to the patient’s personal, cultural and religious values, beliefs and practices. Patients in hospice care are not on any type of life-prolonging medical treatment (Hussain, 2011). Instead, they are put on pain management and other comfort measures to assist them in the dying process (Hussain, 2011). Since it is not easy to care for patients with terminal illnesses, the role of a Registered Nurse is pivotal in ensuring that the patients and their families have a supportive and caring environment. A Registered Nurse in hospice care is required to perform a variety of roles as listed below: Case Manager As a case manager, the RN is responsible for assessing and managing the patient’s ca re. Each patient is assigned one case manager so that they can build a trusting relationship and ensure continuity of care. The RN is also the eyes and ears of the hospice physician and, therefore, must have expert assessment skills. As part of their role, the RN monitors the vital signs, manage medications, especially pain medications and take care of the overall needs of the patient (Morrow, 2009). They are required to assess pain, symptoms, nutritional status, bowel functions, safety, and psychosocial-spiritual concerns of the patient and the family (Knight & Gunten, 2004). The RN also plays a major role in educating the family about the disease progression, use of medications, daily care needs and other aspects of the overall plan of care (Knight & Gunten, 2004). If a patient has a food craving late at night, the RN will also arrange for someone to get it from the store (Morrow, 2009). If the patient is at home, the nurse may also help the family members in doing some of the hou sehold chores, so that the family can focus on their loved one. In a hospice setting, the RN has the unique opportunity to witness a patient’s last moments and therefore, they must be extremely compassionate and empathetic. They serve as advocates for the patient, ensuring that all activities work towards the benefit of the patient. They should also be a critical thinker so as to ensure that the entire stay of the patient in the hospice facility is supportive and caring. The RN is also required to educate and supervise the nursing assistants to coordinate care for the patient. Intake and Admission Nurse As an intake and admissions nurse, the RN is often the first hospice personnel to meet the patient. They meet with the patient and their family and spend a considerable amount of time with them explaining the philosophy of hospice and developing an appropriate plan of care (Morrow, 2009). The RN is also responsible for conducting a complete assessment of the patient and determ ining the needs and preparedness of the patient to stay in a hospice setting (Morrow, 2009). They then consult with the hospice physician before admitting a patient into the facility. Once the patient is admitted, the RN orders the required medications and equipment and begins educating the patient and the family about hospice care. Triage Nurse As a triage nurse, the RN

ANALYZING 3 STORIES FOR THEIR USE OF IRONY Essay

ANALYZING 3 STORIES FOR THEIR USE OF IRONY - Essay Example al irony here is that a young married couple expected to be in love with each other and aware of each others’ emotional needs, and to all appearances are well-matched, are actually not so, especially from the woman’s point of view. The protagonist Louise Mallard who, according to conventional expectations should be grieving her husband’s reported sudden death, instead rejoices in her freedom, but only when she begins to comprehend the implications after a short spell of crying and ostensible sorrow. The situation is reversed when her husband Brently Mallard walks in as if nothing had happened. He had not even heard of the railroad disaster in which he was assumed to have been killed. Since the story opens with a statement that ‘Mrs Mallard was afflicted with a heart trouble’ it is logically acceptable that she dies in the end of ‘heart disease’ on seeing her husband’s unexpected return. However, the dramatic irony is when the doctors conclude that she died of joy at seeing her husband, when the reader knows that it is more likely to be the opposite. She is denied the freedom she enjoyed momentarily, when she believed that she was to be free of her domestic duties and responsibilities to a husband who expected her subservience implicitly. The story also has instances of verbal irony. Even the very first sentence partly quoted in the above paragraph contains the indefinite article ‘a’ before heart trouble. It is a vague, unexplained form of heart ‘disease’ (the word disease is only used at the end of the story) which could be an emotional, or psychosomatic reaction to Mrs Millard’s day to day life ‘under the thumb’ of her husband. One must remember the story was written in the 19th century, well before the feminist movement and a substantial degree of equality achieved over the subsequent years by women. Another instance of verbal irony is when she ‘breathed a quick prayer that life might be long’. She repeats ‘with a shudder

Black Exodus of 1879 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Black Exodus of 1879 - Research Paper Example † The Black Exodus of 1879, often referred to as the Exoduster Movement, took place in late nineteenth century US, where there was a large-scale migration of the black Americans from southern states (primarily from regions adjoining the Mississippi River) to Kansas. This was the first movement of the black Americans (in large numbers) away from South, after end of the US Civil War. At this time, there were increasing instances of racial strife that led to widespread violence and brutal murders (of both black and white community members) in the southern states. The protection accorded to the black slaves by the Reconstruction era under Federal Bureau, disappeared with the end of Reconstruction, and with the start of the next phase known as Redemption, the former slaves became more vulnerable and were again at the mercy of their former owners. After the 1876 election, many of the former slaves felt unsafe and decided to migrate to other regions that were deemed safer. While some migrate d towards the abolitionists states in the north-eastern regions, there were large-scale movements towards Kansas (held under Republicans and the famous John Brown). The black Americans that moved to Kansas in 1879 came to be known as the Exodusters, and their movement created a great deal of worry for the southerners and led to significant debate amongst the southern and northern states. In the black exodus of 1879,  Benjamin "Pap" Singleton played a prominent role.5  During this movement, nearly forty thousand Exodusters  migrated from the  South  and went to live in Colorado Oklahoma,  and Kansas.6   The  term Kansas Fever Exodus  refers to the immigration of nearly six thousand former slaves to Kansas, from  the southern states of Texas, Louisiana and Mississippi.7 Benjamin Singleton, at the time of the exodus, was residing in Kansas (Morris country), and he had started the demand for rights to black immigration immediately after the end of the civil war, and owing to his deep involvement in the movement he is also known as the â€Å"Father of Exodus.† There are various speculations as regards the actual cause for this sudden exodus of the black Americans from the Mississippi region towards Kansas in such large numbers. Some authors contend that this movement was primarily owing to the feeling of insecurity arising from the sudden fall i n political ascendancy of the black community, after the Reconstruction era ended. Other writers feel that some of the crafty northern politicians lured these former slaves in order to garner support in the forthcoming elections. Some authors also claim that agricultural failure in 1878, a subsequent fall in labor prices, and various other external causes led to discontent amongst the black population, which ultimately made them move northwards, and search for a better and a more stable livelihood.8 Another strong influence that made many of the black Americans move to Kansas or to other parts in the north and western regions, were the news and letters detailing the prosperous conditions of some of the former slaves who had already migrated and settled in these regions, right after the civil war. In this context, the paper will now discuss the Black Exodus of 1879, and will examine the reasons and causes behind the movement. It will explore the effects of this movement, as in change of black population demographics. The paper will include notable figures that were involved in the movement while examine the opinions of various African Americans of that era about this movement. Discussion The era of reconstruction After the end of the US Civil War in 1865, the period of Reconstruction started which lasted until around 1877, when there were large-scale efforts to rebuild South on new lines and

Critical Lens for Romeo and Juliet and Of Mice and Men Essay Example for Free

Critical Lens for Romeo and Juliet and Of Mice and Men Essay Duff Brenna once said, All literature shows us the power of emotion. It is emotion, not reason that motivates characters in literature. To me, this quote means that it is emotion that causes characters to make decisions, not reason. I agree with this quote because characters in literature do what they feel is right at the time, not what they feel is logically right. In William Shakespeares tragedy Romeo and Juliet and John Steinbecks novella Of mice and Men, the characters demonstrate how emotion can overpower reason. In Romeo and Juliet, this statement is proven right. As the characters make decisions based on emotion, many literary elements are intertwined by William Shakespeare. Conflict is not only a literary element but also is a theme that is used throughout the whole playwright. For example, the passion of hate causes the Capulets and Montagues to constantly fight and feud. This External conflict interferes with Romeo and Juliets love and causes them not to tell their parents about their marriage. They have to constantly meet in secret and them not being able to see each other causes more major conflicts. For example, they feel so deeply for each other that they feel that they cannot live without the other. These strong emotions lead to many misunderstandings and eventually the death of the two star crossed lovers. If Romeo and Juliet were thinking within reason, they would have told their parents about their love and possibly may not have committed suicide. The death of Mercutio also causes problems between the characters. When Tybalt kills Mercutio, Romeo feels vengeance and anger towards Tybalt. If Romeo would have been thinking realistically, he would have told Prince Escalus about the killing and Tybalt would have gotten in trouble. Instead, Romeo makes a rash decision and kills Tybalt and later faces the consequence; being banished from Verona. In Addition, Shakespeare also uses the literary element of Characterization in Romeo and Juliet. After Tybalt dies, Capulet feels that he has the responsibility to lift the spirits of his family. He quickly arranges to have Juliet to marry Paris, a man whom she does not wish to marry. When Capulet does this, he follows his own feelings and doesnt reason with Juliet. After his actions, Capulet is looked upon as harsh, ridiculous and insensitive. Additionally, when Romeo kills himself on impulse,  characterization is used. As soon as Romeo sees that Juliet, the woman that he is deeply in love with, he feels that he cannot live with out her and commits suicide. As a reader, I thought that he could have gone on with out her but he kills himself anyways. Romeo is looked characterized as immature, irrational, and impractical. Conflict is also an effect of characters acting based on feeling, not reason in the story Of Mice and Men. For example, although Lennie is not the brightest bulb in the box, he should have had enough reasoning skills and know not to touch a womans skirt. However, his feeling of desire and attraction to touch the red skirt causes the woman to tell the police on Lennie and Lennie and George are run outta weed. After they are run out, they face having to move to a new ranch, and hopefully having no one find out the real reason why they left weed. Another example of a conflict is Curleys wife. She has an internal conflict. She wanted to feel happy and content with her life and she rushed into the marriage with Curley. In the end, she was unhappy and lonely because she was often times left alone all day while Curley worked or at night when the men went into town. The literary element of characterization is also used in Of Mice and Men. For example, when Lennie is run out of weed, George decides to go with him because he really cares about Lennie. He disregarded anything that he had in Weed and left. In this case, it is good that George followed what his feeling said because Lennie would have not been able to survive with out the help of George. As the bond between Lennie and George strengthens, George is characterized as accepting and tolerant. George also acts on feeling when he decides to kill Lennie himself. George does not want to put Lennie through the pain of dealing with Curley. George cares so much for Lennie that he puts him out of his misery right away instead of taking the risk of trying run away or move on to a new ranch with Lennie. George is looked upon as mature and understanding after his actions. In conclusion, in literature, characters are driven by the power of emotion, not reason. In William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet and John Steinbecks Of Mice and Men, many characters are shown as following their emotions  instead of reason. Sometimes the outcome was good, and other times, the outcome was not so good. In my opinion, when characters follow their emotions and do not reason, the author is trying to show the reader the good and bad consequences that can occur if there is no reason behind the actions that we make. Bibliography: Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare- the book/playwrightOf mice and Men by John Steinbeck- the novellawww.sparknotes.com

Ontological or Epistemological Organisational Structure

Ontological or Epistemological Organisational Structure Organizations Structure: Modern / Symbolic and Post- Modern perspectives There are many different ways at looking at organizations, with each way producing a different insight, knowledge, and perspective. Depending on the ontological as well epistemological assumptions, different theories and perspectives may seem to apply better. The essay will focus on the similarities and differences between the theories through the models of social structure in an organization. From the philosophical ontological point of view, the modernist sees the material and social world as consisting of structures that exist, regardless of individual awareness. For example, the hierarchy of an organization is regarded as a social fact even if people are not aware of it. â€Å"Organizations †¦ should work like machines, using people, resources, as their parts. With the key design of building â€Å"the best† machines to keep organizations productive.† (Han van Diest. 2008) As such, the modernist approach to an organization can be considered as a well designed, structured entity. Operating organizational success is considered to be the result of well-organized systems that keep people / machines busy and costs under control. (Han van Diest. 2008) On the other end of the spectrum, the postmodernist would argue that the social world external to individual support is made up of nothing more than mere names, concepts and labels which are then used to form a structured reality. (Burrell and Morgan 1979) Supporters of the postmodernist argue that organizations are ‘imagined entities. â€Å"A core idea in postmodernism is that we are always making sense of our omniscient reality through a pair of imaginative glasses glasses based on such factors as our present desire in a given situation, our past experiences, our values and culture, our understanding of what is real, and so forth. It is never possible to take the glasses off altogether and view the world impartially.† (Inkeles A. 1983.) Taking a more balanced stand in the spectrum, a symbolic interpretive perception would be that social reality is created through communicative interaction between groups of people. Social reality is not a reality or set of facts existing prior to human activity. We create our social world through our language, symbols and behavioral actions. (Steven R Corman, Marshall Scott Poole 2000) As expressive forms representative of human consciousness, organizations are understood and analyzed not mainly in economic or material terms but in terms of their expressive ideas and symbolism. (Smircich 1983: 347-8). (Hatch, Mary J. and Cunliffe, Ann L., 2006) Structure of an Organization: While defining an organization from nuts and bolts point of view such as objects, buildings and elements, one of the key aims of a modernist perspective is to measure the organizational social structure to find out how to improve and contrive the ideal organization. (Hatch, Mary J. and Cunliffe, Ann L., 2006) Through research and past studies of various organizations, it was found that there is a strong relationship between the internal/external environment and the social structure of an organization in both a cross-tabulated or correlated way. Influences may include the size or bureaucratic structure of the organization. (Lex Donaldson 2001). The organizational environment has a direct effect on organizational structure, such that unstable environment produce an organic structure system that can react and adapt more quickly, while in the opposite scenario, produces a mechanistic system. The better the match, the higher the effectiveness of the organization. (e.g., Burns Stalker, 1961; Pennings,1975). (Shmuel Ellis, Tamar Almor, Oded Shenkar 2002) The modernist also views the organization through its social structuration. As routines, habits and rules are developed through the mutual interaction and influences between the workers and organization, a structural system is created, re-created and mediated within the organizationa. Realizing that the agency and its structures are both conditions and outcomes of the actions of human action, social relations and practices within the organization (Cohen, 1989, Giddens, 1984), social structure is therefore viewed not a â€Å"dead† entity, but a social construction created and maintained by social practices. (Jennifer Wheeler-Brooks 2009) Again, although the organization structure provides the setting, in which workers fulfill and complete their daily task, the relationship between them, is not cast in stone, as employees remain as knowledgeable, responsive workers who have the ability to choose their own behaviors and thus either continuing or modifying the organization through their actions and behavior. It is also important to note that the modernists view on social structure comprises three mutually supportive dualities of structures and agency (workers), namely signification, domination, and legitimation. Although these three are inseparable in practice (Giddens, 1979, 1984), (Giddens, 1979, 1984), they may be analyzed separately. Structures of signification are institutionalized interpretive schemes that allocate meaning to peoples actions, such as beliefs, and language. Structures of legitimation are organization norms, constituted in the tacitly understood moral and social obligations (Clegg, 1989). Structures of domination are the institutionalized acquisition of power (Giddens, 1984). This can be in the form of, resources domination involving the structured distribution of material resources, such as products, services including right of access and deployment of such resources, as well as institutionalized authority relationships. (Giddens, 1984; Whittington, 1992) By concentrating on the discontinuities and changing patterns of behavior and relationships of an organization, one cannot help but question and probe deeper on the relationship between agency and structure. (Giddens 1979; Reed 1997). (Paula Jarzabkowski 2008) It can therefore also be said that formal structures have symbolic as well as action producing attributes. Structures can become injected with socially shared meanings, and thus, apart to their functional roles, can serve to share and bring information about the organization both internally and externally. A symbolic interpretation can therefore help provide a new and different perspective into the causes and consequences of structure within an organization. (Tolbert and Zucker, 1996, p. 177). (Van de Ven, Andrew H.; Dooley, Kevin; Holmes, Michael E. 2004) The symbolic interpretive perceives that the emergence of the organization social structure needs to include social interaction and human consciousness through social practices, routines and community interaction. Through the build up of ideas, knowledge and actions of people, a routine is birth and rebirth in response to new experiences observed. (Levitt and March, 1988) Routines may include organizational rules, roles, conventions, strategies, structures, cultural practices and capabilities. (Martin Schulz 2002) It is therefore incorrect to think of organizations as only departments or system units. Interpersonal correspondence is the crux of any organization as it creates structures and foundations which can then affect what needs to be done, who to do it and what to do after that. (Robert Lawrence Heath, Jennings Bryant 2000) Organizations are adaptable to their environments in ways such as creating jobs for specific occasions, purposes or people and evaluating and deciding to continue or discontinue the job, based on the new requirement and knowledge acquired. (Miner (1987, 1991). (Martin Schulz 2002) The Symbolic interpretive views the social structure of an organization through the process of knowledge transference within the organization. (Davenport and Prusak, 1996; Choo, 1998) Knowledge, symbolism and best-practice transfers within and between organizations is not a one-sided activity, but an ongoing process of sharing, involving trial and error, feedback, and the mutual adjustment of both the sender and receiver of knowledge. (Szulanski, 1996; Powell, 1998; Kaeser, 2001). (Georg von Krogh 2003) It is also viewed that the chief feature of human organization is the use of language and symbolism (including the attribution of meaning to things and making sense of the world). (Robert Cooper 1989) From the Symbolic interpretive perspective, language such as the use of words, shared vocabulary, the way workers speak about their organization, use of â€Å"slangs† and jargons can also be used to define the social structure within the organization. Such groups of people, â€Å"Communities of practice†, bond together due to similar passion for their skills and knowledge, and through regular interaction in order, develop a tacit understanding and meaning with one another, thus enhancing the social structure within an organization. (Etienne Wenger, Richard Arnold Mcdermott, William Snyder, 2002) The foundational perspectives of postmodernism are that the individuals in the organization do not have an independent consciousness but needs inter-communication with others to develop an identity. Meanings are not given prior to communication but arise from it and are context-dependent; meanings, structure and language are considered temporary due to the ever-changing environment and developments. (Bart Nooteboom, 1992) Where modern organizations favour bureaucratic structures that emphasis on roles, rules and procedures, postmodern organizations prefers a more democratic approach and views that are informal and based on mutual agreement. Comparing to modern organizations that favour separation of functions and departments, postmodern organizations favour de-differentiation of those elements. This allows the creation of multi-skilled worker that can break traditional structural boundaries and inflexible work processes. (Steve May, Dennis K. Mumby 2004) The social structure of an organization is viewed simply as a reflection of the built commitment of individuals to help develop a set of â€Å"rules† for the organization in order to survive in the ever changing postmodern era. (Jim Barry, 2000) Drawing much from the philosophies of language of (the later) Wittgenstein (1976) and de Saussure (1979), in Postmodernism, communication rather than consciousness is viewed as the backbone of knowledge, and hence the philosophy of language occupies a central position. Words are not longer interpreted as names of objects or properties (meanings, concepts) that are given prior to language unlike in the Symbolic interpretive perspective. (Bart Nooteboom, 1992) Language reveals the organizational reality by showing that it is a process that involuntarily includes its internal differences and conflicts. The social structure of the organization is always in disarray caused by threats and internal fighting. Organizations should therefore be viewed appropriately based on sense, intellect and logical context. This is very much unlike the modern thinking of the notion of an organization stability. (Robert Cooper 1989) However, despite the difference of â€Å"language† opinions, postmodernists still follow the fundamental social structure similar to that of the symbolic interpretive in that interaction between people does not arise from a fixed structural identity, but is formed through interaction between people. In the words of Lyotard: The self by itself does not amount to much, but it is not isolated. It is taken up in a tissue of relations which is more complex and mobile than ever. It always finds itself in a nexus in communication circuits, however small.(1979, p. 59, authors translation). (Bart Nooteboom, 1992) In conclusion, although the three perspectives differ in their interpretation and views on the dimension of an organizational structure, it can be agreed that all perspectives recognize the importance of the social structure of an organization as the key building block that forms the organization. Blau (1977: 1) â€Å"The study of social structure centres attention on the distribution of people among different positions and their social associations. Through the study of structural effects of the various perspectives, we are able to understand the spirit, character and characteristics of social structure within an organization, as well as the effects and outcomes it carries by looking at factors such as formal organization chart, differentiated positions within the structure, relationships among task-relevant roles, languages games used, differentiation, inter-communication, etc. Thus having a good understanding of the different perspectives and applying a mixture of different â€Å"theories† in the right context and environment will help to strengthen the organization as a whole and provide a better picture of what an organization is and why things are happening the way they are. Reference: Andrew H, Dooley, Holmes, Kevin, Michael E, Van de Ven, ‘Handbook of Organizational Change and Innovation Cary, NC, USA: Oxford University Press, Incorporated, 2004. p 179. Bart Nooteboom, ‘A Postmodern Philosophy of Markets, Int. Studies of Mgt. Org., Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 53-76 M.E. Sharpe, Inc., 1992 Dennis K. Mumby, Steve May, 2004, ‘Engaging Organizational Communication Theory Research. Etienne Wenger, Richard Arnold Mcdermott, William Snyder, 2002, ‘A Guide to management knowledge: Cultivating Communities of Practice Georg von Krogh, 2003, ‘Knowledge Sharing and the Communal Resource Han van Diest, 2008, ‘Possibilities of Democratisation in Organisations. Social Epistemology Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 97-117 Hatch, Mary J. and Cunliffe, Ann L., 2006, ‘Organization Theory, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press: Oxford Inkeles A. ‘Exploring Individual Modernity. New York: Columbia University Press, 1983 Jennifer Wheeler-Brooks ‘Journal of Sociology Social Welfare, March 2009, Volume XXXVI, Number 1 Jennings Bryant, Robert Lawrence Heath, 2000, ‘Human Communication Theory and Research. Jim Barry, 2000, ‘Organizations and Management. Lex Donaldson, 2001, ‘The Contingency Theory of Organizations Martin Schulz, 2002, ‘Organizational Learning Oded Shenkar, Shmuel Ellis, Tamar Almor, 2002, ‘Structural Contingency Revisited: Toward a Dynamic System Model Paula Jarzabkowski, 2008, ‘Shaping strategy as a Structuration Process Robert Cooper, ‘Modernism, Post Modernism and Organizational Analysis 3: The Contribution of Jacques Derrida Steven R Corman, Marshall Scott Poole, 2000, ‘Perspectives on Organization Communication

Pros And Cons Of Delegating Human Resources Management Essay

Pros And Cons Of Delegating Human Resources Management Essay A line manager is responsible for an employee or a work group who do not have any managerial responsibility. Some of the daily duties that a line manager undertakes are people management, dealing with customers/clients, monitoring work process, measuring operational performance, organising allocation and rotas and monitoring absenteeism. Although line managers play a vital role in bridging the top level management and the lower hierarchical staff on a daily basis, it is seen that most of the line managers, however, may not have formal management education because he/she is generally promoted from within. Due to the daily and frequent contacts between the line managers and the staff to whom he/she is responsible, it has been a more common practice to see the line managers undertaking several human resources responsibilities including recruiting and selection of employee the function otherwise used to be exclusively of the human resource department in the past. This is widely practiced lately mainly because of the fact that the line managers have a better understanding of the job that needs to be carried out in order to match the corporate strategy and operations strategy of the organisation. With the prevailing frequent communication between the line managers and the employees, it also contributes towards increased morale in the employees ensuring a higher productivity and competency of the employees and enhanced focus on customers. Since most of the line managers do not have formal management education, they might not be fully reliant on the managerial tasks that they perform and hence they have drawback in their undertaking of human resources tasks although they have added value to the human resources professionals by allowing them to invest their time on more strategic issues. Pros and Cons of Delegating Human Resources roles to Line Managers Cons Increased speed of decision making Line management responsibility for people issues Local management accountability Potential cost savings Strategic role for central HR/IR Short lines of communication Lack of time to perform HR duties Increase in line managers workload Additional costs of training managers Increase in grievances/tribunal cases Potential for HR/IR to be marginalized People management not considered to be part of the line managers job Pros: Increased speed of decision making: Line management responsibility for people issues Local management accountability Potential cost savings Strategic role for central HR Short lines of communication B. Cons: Lack of time to perform Human Resources duties Increase in line managers workload Additional cost of training line managers Increase in grievance/tribunal case Potential for HR to be marginalised People management not considered to be line managers job The people and performance research carried out for the Chartered Institute of Personnel Development (CIPD) by a team at Bath University (Hutchinson, 2003) found that the line managers played a vital role in terms of implementing and enacting HR policies and practices. They found that where employees feel positive about their relationship with their line managers they are more likely to have higher levels of job satisfaction, commitment and loyalty which are associated with higher levels of performance or discretionary behaviour. Discretionary behaviour is defined as that which goes beyond the requirement of the job to give extra performance which can boost the bottom line. Line managers also play the strongest part in structuring peoples actual experience of doing a job. According to an online survey of 121 organisations, collectively employing almost a quarter of a million people, shows that four in five (80.2%) organisations have devolved responsibilities such as managing flexible working requests and handling grievance and disciplinary procedures to line managers over the past few years. And two in three predict the role of line managers will take on even more HR functions over the next few years. (Williams, 2008) Also, another interesting finding was that the line managers claimed to be satisfied with the HR responsibilities that have been devolved to them and are keen to take on activities that relate explicitly to the development of their team. Most line managers report working closely with their HR counterparts and see the configuration moving towards a partnership. The line managers main concern is that a lack of support from HR during the delivery of the service can detract from the overall effectiveness. They also note that junior level line managers are likely to feel less supported by HR and comment that it is merely their high level position that drives the HR-line partnership in their situations. (Susan Whittaker, 2003). The role of line managers in both public and private organisations has changed quite significantly in recent years. The line managers have been allocated more responsibilities and are accountable not only for budgeting and allocating of resources, but most importantly for people management issues as per Hoogenboorn Brewster (1992.). According to some sources such as Storey (1992: 190), he argues that line managers may well be playing a far more central role in labour management than HR personnel. Whereas another source, Hales (2005) traces the greater involvement of line managers in HR issues to two developments. He argues that the line managers have been taking on the role of a coach , conductor or a leader of a highly motivated team as a result of the spread of Human Resource Management and the adoption of more participative forms of management concerned with securing high performance through commitment rather than control. Human Resource Devolvement has led to line managers acquiring middle management functions and becoming mini-general managers accompanied by the loss of supervisory functions downwards to work teams. It is hence more appropriate for line managers to take responsibility for people development since they operate alongside the people they manage and therefore it is argued that that their reactions are more immediate and appropriate (Whittaker and Marchington, 2003). Initial research indicates some positive support for line manager HR involvement. Hutchinson and Purcell (2003) found that line manager involvement in coaching, guidance and communication positively influences organisational performance. Likewise, a case study of line manager involvement in HR in the NHS by Currie and Proctor (2001) found that line managers are important contributors to strategic change when provided with discretion in implementing HR strategies within their own work groups. Whittaker and Marchington (2003) maintain that line managers increasingly welcome HR responsibilities and are prepared to take them on as they add variation and challenge to their work. Gibb (2003) argues that requiring line managers to be more involved in the HR issues may also lead to a transformation of managers own attitudes towards HR, organisational change and thus a transformation of human relations at work (Gibb, 2003). By increasing line manager involvement in HR, it is argued that better workplace conditions will result as line managers have better understanding than specialists of the type and range of interventions needed. In this pursuit, line managers are assisted by more effective and user-friendly human resource information systems, new technologies and Human Resource call centres, making it possible for line managers to handle some HR work without the assistance of Human Resource Department. It is seen that a speedy resolution of conflicts and lower rate of employee turnover is possible by moving Human Resources responsibilities closer to employees through line managers. Indeed, providing greater authority to line managers and encouraging greater initiative taking may address a long-standing criticism levelled at HR departments; namely a lack of appreciation of the immediacy of the line managers problems (Harris, L, Doughty, D. Kirk, S. (2002). According to Maxwell and Watson (2006), business partnerships between HR specialists and line managers have emerged as the dominant model for Human Resources operations within organisations. Similarly, Ulrich (2005) outlines the role of HR Strategic Partners as working alongside line managers to help them reach their goals by crafting strategies to maximise productivity through alignment of corporate resources to these goals. We can hence understand that devolving HR responsibilities to line managers offers a number of benefits to organisations. A greater freedom to HR specialists to engage with strategic issues is provided enabling them to forge closer relationships with line managers and a partnership model towards managing employees is developed. Similarly, line managers understand and appreciate the complex nature of dealing with the employee issues and become more encouraged and involved in everyday workplace management tasks. However, line managers have pointed various issues concerning HR involvement despite the above mentioned benefits of participating in HR activities. It will obviously increase their workload by getting involved in HR tasks. Increased workload leads to feelings of incompetence among line managers and reluctance to take responsibility for devolved HR activities. Indeed, this has led to feelings amongst some line managers of being dumped upon (Renwick 2003: 265) or pushed upon to take new HR responsibilities (Harris, L, Doughty, D. Kirk, S. (2002):) due to a climate of fear and mistrust driven by HR. The experience and ability of line managers to take responsibility for HR issues may present a major barrier to devolvement. Both Whittaker and Marchington (2003) and Hailey, V.H., Farndale, E. Truss, C. (2005) suggest that line managers skills and competence in HR practices may be limited and a lack of training in this area will undoubtedly affect a line managers overall effectiveness. I ncapability and misunderstanding of HR practices on the part of line managers will prevent the organisation from developing a strong learning culture (McCracken and Wallace, 2000) with McGovern et al. (1997) arguing that a lack of training may lead to inconsistencies in implementing organisational HR policies potentially exposing the organisation to lawsuits and employment tribunals. Their research though, indicates that management development is not a priority for the top management and reliance on the notion of trial-and-error is prevalent in organisations. Furthermore, the failure of organisations to take a long-term developmental view is exposed by a reluctance to set aside a specific budget for training and the belief that management development is the individuals responsibility. Many line managers get under pressure to meet operational targets, and often struggle to fulfil their people management duties. This is partly because they are not equipped with the tools, skills and knowledge they need to be effective. As a result, managers sometimes effectively abdicate responsibility for aspects of people management. A commonly used phrase is thats HRs job often tends to be heard a lot in many companies whether relating to employee development, managing an individuals performance or dealing with absenteeism issues. Recent research involving nearly 3,000 employers by the Work Foundation and the Institute for Employment Studies found that organisations with a comprehensive, structured approach to people management, covering areas such as recruitment, development plans and employee appraisals, perform better than those without, as indicated by higher profits per employee, higher profit margins and ultimately higher productivity. Sometimes its easy to be critical of managers, but often theyre not properly equipped to be effective. Investment in management training requires clearly set-down policies and procedures. There appears to be lack of clear guidance and easily accessible information, its not surprising that many line managers response when an issue arises is either to pick up the phone to HR or to ignore the problem and hope it would goes away or transfer responsibility to someone else. It is interesting but to be fair to line managers, sometimes part of the problem may also lie with the HR department itself. For all the talk about wanting to devolve more responsibility to the line, in practice HR professionals are sometimes reluctant to trust line managers to manage. They are unwilling to give managers the tools and information they need to do the job effectively: after all, knowledge is power, and by being the gatekeepers of all information relating to employees, policies and processes, HR may feel that it has power. This is clearly not in the long-term interests of the HR function. HR teams must realise that if they are to fulfil their potential and be true partners to the business, then they need to trust their managers with the day-today stuff. This doesnt mean being unsupportive but continued support to line managers to assist them with responsibility for the way that people are managed. It does mean defining strategies and policies and then putting in place the frameworks and the systems that enable managers to take accountability for the day-to-day execution but in a controlled, informed and effective way. Line managers must aim to be more accountable whereas HR professionals being more strategic could assist when working together. Better solutions are needed to support key people management processes and its likely that intelligent use of technology is likely to represent at least part of the answer. Technology-based services offer organisations the potential to give much greater support to their line managers, but in a highly cost-effective way. Line managers can be given tools to walk them through common processes, access to comprehensive information about their employees, guidance on how to manage effectively, and prompts when tasks or actions are due all accessed via a single web-based service. In view of the above, making line managers responsible for the delivery of HR can be complex. Line managers may not possess the required skills needed to implement HR initiatives and may feel ill-equipped or insufficiently trained to accept responsibility for day-to-day HR tasks. Devolving HR responsibilities may also represent a lack of appreciation of the workloads, time pressures and overall priorities of line managers threatening the overall standards of HR delivery across the organisation and diminishing the value of HR. It is found that getting line managers involved in HR tasks is a step towards achieving a more strategic, value-added approach to managing employees. Line managers play an important position in the organisational hierarchy and can directly affect the quality of front-line services. It will greatly increase the existing pressures of excess workload and the need to deliver on short-term priorities by devolving line managers with HR responsibilities. It will also mean the requirement of display of a higher level of HR competency by the line managers which calls for the need for high-quality training programmes for line managers to ensure that they feel confident in discharging their new HR responsibilities. Such training may help organisations avoid costly litigation and damage to their public reputation. Therefore, HR professionals must engage with line managers and develop a partnership to bring about a speedier resolution to workplace conflicts by allowing line managers to seek guidance and advice whenever required thereby making line managers more responsible for HR.

Golfing Happiness Essay -- Happiness Essays, Essay About Myself

For someone who claims to be a golfer, shooting a score in the mid 90's is not something to tell my friends about. Golf is a sport of honor, and to alert your friends to such a poor round would be like admitting your girlfriend dumped you, and it wasn't a "mutual decision." However, there is a single instance in which I don't care what the scorecard reflects: playing with Nick. Though some golfers prefer playing in tournaments with new, shiny drivers and caddies at their beck and call, I'll take a round of golf with Nick, on perhaps the worst golf course known to man, Hillcrest Golf Club, over playing in any country-club tournament. Now, you've got to understand my friend Nick. He already scored perfectly on the PSAT Math section his sophomore year, has a workaholic lawyer for a dad, and recently informed his parents that in lieu of attending college he wants to become a postman...he already owns the perfect vehicle for the job: a broken-down 1982 Jeep CJ5. His meteoric rise from hapless hacker at the local par-3 course to All-Region Golf Team honors is also noteworthy. One must also take into account the misery that is Hillcrest Golf Club. Only here can someone find golfers so drunk they spin doughnuts on the 14th green and crash their cart into the lake. As a tractor pulled the cart from its watery grave, one of the men was heard to say to his rescuers, "Hey, I don't see my driver in my bag, ya'll better find it." Nor would you find male golfers over two hundred fifty pounds with no shirt on wearing cutoff jean shorts at many other golf courses. As you can see, it is no light claim to say I would rather play here than a well-groomed country club. Almost every summer morning at the crack of dawn, Nick rolls up our b... ...ame I can neither pronounce nor spell. Our conversation at T.J.'s is not restricted to golf, as it would be in fancy clubhouses after tournaments, but rather open to any subject we care to discuss, from Chemistry class next year to the best Steve Miller Band song. Finally, the experiences and times Nick and I share together are more valuable to me than any golden trophy. Some of the funniest and most relaxing times in my life have come out on the links with Nick. We don't care about the score, our shots, or even the round. Nor do we care if the course has only two cuts of grass: rough and green. So even though I'll never win one of those shiny first place trophies playing with Nick, the first call I make every summer I go home is the same number, and when I hear Nick's familiar voice, I smile just anticipating the sound of his CJ reverberating up the driveway.

John Marshalls Court :: essays research papers

By the early 1800s, the debate over Federal power which had been so tactfully postponed when it surfaced in previous efforts at unification (i.e., the Constitutional Convention) had again inevitably reared its head once the government was established and the neutral greatness of Washington's reign had ended. As the major issue of the day, the controversy of States' rights versus big government permeated politics in a profound depth and completeness: it was reflected in the core beliefs and platforms of the major political parties of the day, and most issues were at unobtrusive levels reflections of this central conflict. Prominent politicians of the day, such as John Marshall and Thomas Jefferson, were also outstanding thinkers with very strong opinions on this issue. Several Acts of Congress proved the Legislature to be an effective battleground for the issue of federal power. In the end of the 18c, the Federalist Party enjoyed great political influence. Presidents and many congressmen represented the party's goals and served as opponents to those who sang too loudly the praises of "States' rights". Thus, Congress succeeded in passing legislature that seriously challenged individual rights. The Alien Act made assimilation and naturalization more difficult for immigrants, and the Sedition Act posed a substantial threat to First Amendment rights, as it specified punishment for "writing, printing, uttering, or publishing any false, scandalous, or malicious writings" about virtually any branch or aspect of the U.S. government. Such a clear subordination of individual rights to Federal power evoked a strong Republican backlash, in both State Assemblies and ballot boxes. The Kentucky Resolutions were passed in State legislature atta cking the Sedition Act, stating that "whensoever the general government assumes undelegated powers, its acts are unauthorized, void, and of no force†¦" (D) Two years later, Democratic-Republican Thomas Jefferson was elected President and Congressional elections followed similar trends, ending the long-time Federalist dominance. A second issue touched upon by the Kentucky resolutions was that of judicial review. The Resolutions asserted that "the government created by this compact" (i.e., the Constitution) "was not made the exclusive or final judge of the extent of the powers delegated to itself†¦" (D) This attacked the power of the Supreme Court to decide the constitutional validity of law and thus posed a threat to an important check on Legislative power. This document would not, however, dictate the future role of the Supreme Court; that precedent was instead set by Chief Justice John Marshall, in practice as well as in his 1803 Marbury v.

Being Successful in School

Max Pickel 2/19/10 Final Draft Being Successful in School With the help from your impressed teachers and the praise from your parents, all you need now is to get into a good college and continue your schooling into a career of your choice. So, when you try hard in school, and succeed, your grades will steadily improve which then affects the way a college will look at you. In case you don’t know, a college will look at your cumulative GPA in order to decide if you are acceptable for their college. So, this is where all that time and effort in high school pays off and gets noticed. In comparison, if you had taken high school lightly and not succeeded you would have had to go to community college, work harder than you ever have for two years, then transfer out to a university. That is a lot of work in the long run and in all reality, it would be significantly easier to just take high school as seriously as you can. When you put forth that much effort into high school a high-quality university has a better chance of noticing and accepting you because they can see how hard you are willing to work and your high school grades will display your work ethic in a very positive light. In conclusion, being successful in school is only going to benefit you in the end. You will make your parents proud, make your teachers happy, and colleges will take notice of your work ethic and grade point average. I may be only half way through my junior year in high school but I already know the effects of getting first-rate grades and reaping the benefits. It’s definitely not easy, but it’s achievable to anyone who sets their mind to it and works hard at it.

Love and Basketball: An Overview

heres the run-down. Love & Basketball is deceivingly simple in its structure. The moving-picture show is partd into the quarters of a basketball biz and tells the story of a boy and a misfire. Meeting at intimately the shape up 11, the film traces their lives as they run correspond and run apart from childhood, to high shallow, to college, and serious after. Monica and Quincy individually have their holds and their dreams. They both exigency to play basketball on a professional level. For Quincy, it is easier and expected since he is the intelligence of a professional worker.It is harder for Monica, both be a wo gentlemans gentleman and as a daughter whose mother rotternot understand wherefore she does not want to grow up to be a pretty beat at home wife. Through the totally film the constant between the both is their love for each other and for the feeble of basketball. The movie is full of h whizst moments, laughs, disunite and some awesome basketball scene s. on that point are a lot of positives to this movie. This movie shows that no matter what race, gender, or where you came from you can be a successful ath permite. Monica is a black female basketball sham with an attitude of a male who makes it to the pros. personnel casualty into her senior year of high school, Monica was terror-stricken she wasnt bondting whatsoever looks by colleges and at the games she was getting looked at she was move the bench because of her attitude, only when the movie showed that it is burning(prenominal) to have a strong prevail system at home. Her parents recognized it and put in her in her place A earnest athlete has to be all almost good. They have to be focused in the classroom and respectable on and reach the court The movie showed how important a healthy home support is take in to a greater extent ways than nevertheless at Monicas home.Quincys cause was a professional athlete that was trick on his mother. This unhealthy home life affected Quincy and his athletics. Quincy didnt finish college because of it and entered the draft. subsequently he entered the draft he spite his knee consequently he mentation his basketball career was over. That was also other positive aspect of the movie, showing the impressiveness of education If Quincy had finished college and received a college degree he would have had something to arrive back on. The main plot lineage of the movie is truly positive in and of itselfA story based on two individuals whom are childhood sweet picturets arduous to balance following their dreams while trying to keep their love alive is last the hardest thing to do in the eye of a student athlete of any age Watching this movie gives you hope that it can actually give. I accredit people who try to live this life. impartiality be told, it can only happen in a fairy level though I dont believe it. A little fille finds herself in a new vicinity and having to make new friends. She stumb les upon some boys acting basketball.Being the tomboy she is, she assumes they will let her play. She ends up in a date with one boy, Quincy. She goes home only to hear her mom go on and on about how she needs to be more girly and quit trying to be one of the boys. Monica has heard this bit her whole life. The young boy is fascinated by Monica he has probably never had a girl ever stand up to him in that way. He asks her to be his girlfriend and they share their first kiss together. Throughout the geezerhood they maintain their strong friendship, living so close together they comfort each other during family problems.They live window to window. They get to high school and Quincy is, of course, quite the ladies man being the best basketball player in the state, they tend to have that effect. Monica plays too, but in high school her peevishness problems are out of control on the court. Little did they know their romantic lives were about to cross paths again at their very last hoo ray of high school senior prom. Quincy of course took one of his ergodic hoes to the prom whereas Monica just to please her mom. She went with a college guy who her sister set her up with.

Infant Observation

His p atomic number 18nts argon part of the Chinese Culture. He has minatory hair and beautiful big embr ingest eye lout. His little arms and legs are chunky. In proportion to his body his direct seems to be bigger that Its non. 2) When I was doing my utterance he was swindleing. Perception 3) TTT mostly observes ends with brainy colors near few seconds in the beginning he drops It to produce the next risible endeavor. When put agglomerate onto the floor he crawls mighty towards the represents, coitus his mama that he prefers colors.As his mammy move a flirt In front of his view berth to fount, he follows It with his eyes and his compass point. When his milliampere play around music he turns his head towards the source of the sound and starts to crawl impending to the music. 4)No rattling regular actions to contain his mama cerebrate he Is In extremity of every(prenominal)(prenominal) special Item some opposite than in utterectual nourishment whe n he Is hungry. Motor maturement 5) nictation reflex-when his mom blow on his face his eyes respond by blanking. 6) I see him exploring his surroundings, at objects and depression them. He Is crawling, he an walk enchantment holding onto furniture or he is sitting when examining a toy. ) He moves his head in a normal authority. 8) He can reach sitting point alone. He does so by plication one knee and backing bring down onto his behind. 9) He grasps an object on even up hand while holding his speed body with his other(a) hand (left) onto the floor. He lets go of the object by dropping it at his side to grab the next. cognitive Development 10) To get under ones skin out if TTT has a concept of object permanence his mom use the Pigged method. His mom shoved TTT a toy and then his mom covered it with a blanket. He grabbed the blanket off the toy.That tells his mom has a gather in concept of object permanence 1 1) Seniority performance -His eyes focus on glaring colors and he responds to sounds by look toward the sounds. Langu progress Development 12) When ITS mom give tongue to this is b solely? and TTT looking at the ball. 13)TTT used babbling and single enounces to convey his volumes he would say bababababababa tetetetetetetetete deadheaded. When he looked at him start out he would Sara. I understand that on that point are galore(postnominal) incidentors influencing the upbringing of pip-squeakren with ultra similarities as wholesome as differences. All arrives encour hop on . replacement kidren to play and talk. Yet prior look into have shown that U. S. Children learn object name more rapidly than children elsewhere, Even Chinese culture encour senesces people to see themselves in active relationship to others rather than split individuals. Proportion to his body his head seems to be bigger but its not. 2) When I was doing it to fall out the next curious object. When put down onto the floor he crawls right towards the toys, te lling his mom that he prefers colors. As his mom move a toy in Ron of his face side to side, he follows it with his eyes and his head.When his mom crawl closer to the music. 4)No real regular actions to make his mom opine he is in need of any special item other than food when he is hungry. Motor Development 5) Blinking reflex-when his mom blow on his face his eyes respond by blinking. 6) I see him exploring his surroundings, at objects and feeling them. He is crawling, he 12) When ITS mom said this is ball? and TTT looking at the ball.Infant utteranceOn Wednesday, July 19th, I had a line up to observe carefully an child for rough half an moment in my psychology class at Santa Monica College. The infant, Ali Osman is a full-blooded, rascallyl boy, appeared to be of Middle east origin. He is 15. 5 months old, 32 improb adequate to(p) and weighs about 24 lbs with brown frizzy hair, dark brown eyes and pretty tanned skin. 1. thither were several kinds of toys wish blocks , dolls, automobiles in the room. However, when he fitting came in, he was immediately raddled to the dolls with intense focus.Eventhough there wasnt any musical mode to measure his life rate or brain wave, I could easily tell how interested he was by the focusing he gazed, affected and played with the dolls. This could be explained by the fact that the perception of an unknown stimulus usually elicits physiological responses ( iceberger, p. 156). Later, this invoice of mine for his expression was confirmed to be correct by his mother that he had never seen a doll before. Clearly, he was sensing the odd object and stressful to perceive it.And hardly as the text edition said, eventually, habituation occurs, in which the stimulus becomes so familiar and un raise that these responses slow down. (Berger, p. 156), he got tired of the dolls and began to tolerate attention to other toys and people around. 2. tally to skirt 5. 2, the fester Norms for Motor Skills in Berger, p. 153, for his age of 15. 5 months, 90% of all babies master the acquirement of walking. Beside being commensurate to walk, just identical the majority of infants at his age (from 1-2 days old), Ali is quite a toddler, for the characteristic bureau they move their bodies, toddling from side to side. (Berger, p. 151).Still toddling but Ali obviously belongs to the velocity half of the universe in know his gross motor learning since he is withal fitted to walk backward, a skill that lone(prenominal) 50% of infant could master at his age gibe to again circuit board 5. 2. 3. Ali is quite a friendly kid, he is not horror-stricken to be with strangers proving by the fact that he could interact rattling comfortably with me, my classmates, and other babies. However, when there was some unfamiliar issues happened, he always looked for and ran to his mother as expound in proximity-seeking behaviors (like when the brisk baby fit came in or when someone do a chilling face to him) (Berger, p. 26). He is a vocalisation of secure concomitant by wake that he had no occupation with being away from his mother and exploring on his own (Berger, p. 228). Besides, he also reacted to the Strange particular the way we judge from a secured child as declared in Berger on rapscallion 228 and panel 7. 1, p. 230. 4. After playing for awhile, he came up to me with a intelligence and showed me the content, then he gurgled something, clearly lacking me to pick out it to him. His objective was well understood.Without able vocabulary, using whole hollowphrases, he sound slight has no dialogue problem, afterall, communication is about understanding not vocabulary least(prenominal)wise (Berger, p. 198). He showed clear signs of understanding his mothers commands much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as up, down, kiss, crack by side by side(p) them. His spoken language has been unquestionable usually according to table 6. 2 in Berger, p. 194. One i nteresting thing was that when he was sitting in the chair and practice the take for, he did not make any recognizable word but bla.. bla.. la , however, the way I see it, that was not babbling, he was in all probability pretending to read but he could not find any word that matched with the content of the book so he ended up with that one-size-fits-all babble. 5. At the age of 15. 5 months, Ali is go into Piagets leg five, the stage for experimentation and geographic expedition (Berger, pp. 192-193). Piaget referred to the stage-five toddler as the little scientist who experiments in order to see. (Berger, p. 193). Ali is a very(prenominal) active, playful and curious boy. effective look at the way he studied the dolls at the beginning and how he played and notice how to roll some round thing (I dont know what it was) later, you volition see. And fitting the blocks into their right holes also shows that Ali is in fact a little scientist with his running play and error exp erimentation. 6. Ali is passed the age to be wonder by peek-a-boo because he has straind Object Permanence, the identification that objects still exist even when they cannot be seen, touched or heard (Berger, p. 181), as early as 4. 5 months old.As stated in Berger on page 182, to find a hidden object requires at to the lowest degree two abilities stage setting a closing and knowing how to achieve it. , and a child will not have those abilities until he is at least 8 months old. Ali is way passed that so he could find something that Dr. Berg was trying to becloud under a towel easily. He still enjoys this hide-and-seek game, but it is overmuch less playing period at his age unless the hiding is less obvious (Berger, p. 183). 7. Ali has a wonderful personality, which is the emotions, behaviors, and attitudes that make an individual erratic (Berger, p. 16), or as least I think so for the following reasons. He is outgoing, assertive, active, easygoing, kind and laboursaving . This characteristic puts him into the 40% easy-temperament (Berger, p. 221). With further rumination, I can safely conclude that Ali belongs to the origin two dimensions of temperaments in the big five, which are Extroversion and agreeability (Berger, p. 221). I cannot believe that I was able to see so much in a child the way the text shows in such a brusque period.I was peculiarly impressed with how fantastically secured Ali was, which shows through his friendliness, graciousness and curiosity. In addition to his well developed cognitive skill (in communicating, learning, playing ), his ecumenic physical conditions as well as his motor skills are also astounding. I would be very happy if I could raise such a healthy child in the future. Finally, I cannot find any problem in your observation setup. Well, afterall, youve been doing this for years, I just dont see how I can quantity that.Infant ObservationOn Wednesday, July 19th, I had a chance to observe carefully an infant for about half an hour in my psychology class at Santa Monica College. The infant, Ali Osman is a healthy, playfull boy, appeared to be of Middle Eastern origin. He is 15. 5 months old, 32 tall and weighs about 24 lbs with brown curly hair, dark brown eyes and fairly tanned skin. 1. There were several kinds of toys like blocks, dolls, automobiles in the room. However, when he just came in, he was immediately drawn to the dolls with intense focus.Eventhough there wasnt any way to measure his heart rate or brain wave, I could easily tell how interested he was by the way he gazed, touched and played with the dolls. This could be explained by the fact that the perception of an unfamiliar stimulus usually elicits physiological responses (Berger, p. 156). Later, this explanation of mine for his behavior was confirmed to be correct by his mother that he had never seen a doll before. Clearly, he was sensing the strange object and trying to perceive it.And exactly as the text said, eventual ly, habituation occurs, in which the stimulus becomes so familiar and narcotic that these responses slow down. (Berger, p. 156), he got tired of the dolls and began to pay attention to other toys and people around. 2. According to table 5. 2, the Age Norms for Motor Skills in Berger, p. 153, for his age of 15. 5 months, 90% of all babies master the skill of walking. Beside being able to walk, just like the majority of infants at his age (from 1-2 years old), Ali is quite a toddler, for the characteristic way they move their bodies, toddling from side to side. (Berger, p. 151).Still toddling but Ali obviously belongs to the upper half of the population in mastering his gross motorskill since he is also able to walk backward, a skill that only 50% of infant could master at his age according to again table 5. 2. 3. Ali is quite a friendly kid, he is not afraid to be with strangers proving by the fact that he could interact very comfortably with me, my classmates, and other babies. How ever, when there was some unfamiliar things happened, he always looked for and ran to his mother as described in proximity-seeking behaviors (like when the new baby twins came in or when someone made a scary face to him) (Berger, p. 26). He is a representative of secure attachment by showing that he had no problem with being away from his mother and exploring on his own (Berger, p. 228). Besides, he also reacted to the Strange Situation the way we expected from a secured child as stated in Berger on page 228 and table 7. 1, p. 230. 4. After playing for awhile, he came up to me with a book and showed me the content, then he gurgled something, clearly wanting me to read it to him. His intention was well understood.Without sufficient vocabulary, using only hollowphrases, he still has no communication problem, afterall, communication is about understanding not vocabulary anyway (Berger, p. 198). He showed clear signs of understanding his mothers commands such as up, down, kiss, bye by f ollowing them. His spoken language has been developed normally according to table 6. 2 in Berger, p. 194. One interesting thing was that when he was sitting in the chair and reading the book, he did not make any recognizable word but bla.. bla.. la , however, the way I see it, that was not babbling, he was probably pretending to read but he could not find any word that matched with the content of the book so he ended up with that one-size-fits-all babble. 5. At the age of 15. 5 months, Ali is falling into Piagets stage five, the stage for experimentation and exploration (Berger, pp. 192-193). Piaget referred to the stage-five toddler as the little scientist who experiments in order to see. (Berger, p. 193). Ali is a very active, playful and curious boy.Just look at the way he studied the dolls at the beginning and how he played and discovered how to roll some round thing (I dont know what it was) later, you will see. And fitting the blocks into their right holes also shows that Ali is in fact a little scientist with his trial and error experimentation. 6. Ali is passed the age to be awe by peek-a-boo because he has achieved Object Permanence, the realization that objects still exist even when they cannot be seen, touched or heard (Berger, p. 181), as early as 4. 5 months old.As stated in Berger on page 182, to find a hidden object requires at least two abilities setting a goal and knowing how to achieve it. , and a child will not have those abilities until he is at least 8 months old. Ali is way passed that so he could find something that Dr. Berg was trying to hide under a towel easily. He still enjoys this hide-and-seek game, but it is much less fun at his age unless the hiding is less obvious (Berger, p. 183). 7. Ali has a wonderful personality, which is the emotions, behaviors, and attitudes that make an individual unique (Berger, p. 16), or as least I think so for the following reasons. He is outgoing, assertive, active, easygoing, kind and helpful. This characteristic puts him into the 40% easy-temperament (Berger, p. 221). With further observation, I can safely conclude that Ali belongs to the first two dimensions of temperaments in the big five, which are Extroversion and Agreeableness (Berger, p. 221). I cannot believe that I was able to see so much in a child the way the text shows in such a short period.I was particularly impressed with how incredibly secured Ali was, which shows through his friendliness, kindness and curiosity. In addition to his well developed cognitive skill (in communicating, learning, playing ), his general physical conditions as well as his motor skills are also astounding. I would be very happy if I could raise such a healthy child in the future. Finally, I cannot find any problem in your observation setup. Well, afterall, youve been doing this for years, I just dont see how I can beat that.